Weed control is important to prevent losses in yield and production costs, and to preserve  good grain quality. Paddy field is also replete with a number of weeds which compete fiercly with the main crop for different resources.Some of the major Paddy weeds are Echinocloa crusgalli , Echinocloa colonum, Panicum repense, Paspalum conjugatum, Digitaria  sanguinalis, Eleucine indica, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus iria, Fimbristylis milacea, Scirpus maritimus, Cyperus rotundus, Monochoria vaginalis, Ludwigia parviflora, Marselia quadrifolia, Amaranthus  spinosus, Celosia argentia, Commelina  benghalensis, Eclipta alba etc.

For giving a optimum yield, Paddy crop requires adequate nutrition at all critical crop growth stages . Though a paddy grower applies bulk fertilizers, many of the crop latent nutritional needs goes unmet which impacts  the yield. Also, Paddy crop is subjected to a number of abiotic stresses like lack of moisture, high temprature etc which also pulls the yield down. JU offers a broad range of  unique products which not only helps meet the latent nutritional requirement of the crop throughtout it life cycle but also guards it against various abiotic stresse

Scientific Name: Scirpophaga incertulas
Stem Borer is one of the most serious pest of Paddy which can attack Paddy  at any stage of growth from seedling to maturity. The insect feed upon tillers and causes deadhearts or drying of the central tiller,  during vegetative stage; and causes whiteheads at reproductive stage. Excessive usage of nitrogenous fertilizers favors population buildup of the stem borers

Scientific Name: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
Rice leaffolders occur in all rice environments and are more  abundant during the rainy seasons. Leaf folder caterpillars fold a rice leaf around themselves and attach the leaf margins together with silk strands.They feed inside the folded leaf creating longitudinal white and transparent streaks on the blade. Heavy use of fertilizer encourages rapid multiplication of the insect

Scientific Name: Nilaparvata lugens 
Brown Plant Hopper (BPH) can easily be considered the most serious pest of Paddy in India. The feeding by BPH results in the yellowing of the plants. At high population density, hopper burn or complete drying of the crop is observed in  patches at which level crop loss may reach even upto 100%. Closed canopy of the crop and excessive use of nitrogen favors BPH development

Scientific Name: Nephotettix virescens
Green leaf hoppers are a common sight in rice fields and are primarily critical because they spread the viral disease tungro. Both the nymphs and adults feed on the dorsal surface of the leaf blades rather than  the ventral surface. They prefer to feed on the lateral leaves  rather than the leaf sheaths and the middle leaves.

Scientific Name: Dicladispa armigera
Rice Hispa is minor pest of Paddy in India and only occurs sporadically. However, in case of favorable conditions the losses can be quite substantial. Rice hispa scrapes the upper surface of leaf blades leaving only the lower epidermis . It also tunnels through the leaf tissues . The presence of grassy  weeds in and near rice fields as alternate hosts harbor and encourage the pest to develop.

Scientific name: Orseolia oryzae 
As per an estimate by IRRI, Gall midge can cause significant yield losses of 30−40% under favorable conditions . It forms a tubular gall at the base of tillers, causing elongation of leaf sheaths called onion leaf or silver shoot. The population density  of the insect is favored mainly by cloudy or rainy weather, cultivation of high-tillering varieties, intensive  management practices, and low parasitization

Causal organism: Cochliobolus miyabeanus (formerly known as Helminthosporium oryzae)
Brown spot has been historically largely ignored as one of the most common and most damaging rice disease . The disease can develop in areas with high relative humidity (86−100%) and temperature  between 16 and 36°C. For infection to occur, the leaves must be wet for 8−24 hours. Its most observable damage is the numerous big spots on the leaves which can kill the whole leaf. When infection occurs in the seed,  unfilled grains or spotted or discolored seeds are formed

Causal organism: Rhizoctonia solani 
Sheath blight is considered to be the second important  disease after blast. Symptoms are usually observed from tillering to milk stage in a rice crop and include the oval or ellipsoidal greenish gray lesions above the water level . Under  favorable conditions, these initial lesions multiply and expand to the upper part of the sheaths and leaves. Sheath blight occurs in areas with high temperature (28−32°C),  high levels of nitrogen fertilizer, and relative humidity of crop canopy from 85−100%

Causal organism: Magnaporthe oryzae 
Rice blast is the most serious disease of Paddy across the globe. It can affect all above ground parts of a rice plant : leaf, collar, node, neck, parts of panicle, and sometimes leaf sheath. A leaf blast infection can  kill seedlings or plants up to the tillering stage whereas at later growth stages, a severe leaf blast infection reduces leaf area for grain fill, reducing grain yield

Causal organism: Sarocladium oryzae
Sheath rot infects the rice plant at all growth stages but is most destructive when infection occurs during or after the booting stage , before the emergence of the panicle.  The disease reduces grain yield by retarding or aborting panicle emergence, and producing unfilled  seeds and sterile panicles. It also reduces grain quality by causing panicles to rot and grains to become discolored